# Formulation in compressibleInterFoam

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June 6, 2013, 02:58
#41
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NaiXian Leslie Lu
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Quote:
 Originally Posted by richpaj so that when you discretize you get something like Ap * Up = F(Up-1, .. ) and where Ap is the diagonal coefficient. 2) as for adjustPhi(phiHbyA, U, p_rgh) this is applied in the case of incompressible problems when the pressure reference (or level) is unknown. If you look in the source code (src/finiteVolume/cfdTools/general/adjustPhi/adjustPhi.C) you'll find: if (p.needReference()) { }
Thanks Richard, it's what I was looking for!
Have a good day.

Leslie
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Leslie LU

July 2, 2014, 06:08
#42
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Cong Gu
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Quote:
 Originally Posted by richpaj dgdt = (pos(alpha2)*(psi2/rho2) - pos(alpha1)*(psi1/rho1)) *(p_rghEqnComp & p_rgh);
The code shows that
dgdt = (psi2 / rho2 - psi1 / rho1) *DDt(p - rho * g * h).

But in the derivation, it is
dgdt = (psi2 / rho2 - psi1 / rho1) * DDt(p).

They are not equivalent, are they?

 July 2, 2014, 11:55 #43 Member   Richard Kenny Join Date: Mar 2009 Posts: 59 Rep Power: 9 Hello Gucong, the expression looks like a variation on the original (circa OF17) but I think the same reasoning/derivation still applies, but now of course it appears the 'dynamic' and 'static' components of the pressure are clearly indicated. Recalling that the static contribution is written as p0 + rho (g . z), and hence the sign. I've just scanned the OF23x version of compressibleInterfoam and it seems a lot more is going on in pEqn these days, possibly with a view to stabilizing the explicit terms. If the latter fails then and the average density is varying considerably I think an alternative approach similar to the old dieselFoam might be more appropriate. But that's getting off-topic. Regards, Richard K.

July 2, 2014, 15:38
#44
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Cong Gu
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Quote:
 Originally Posted by richpaj Hello Gucong, the expression looks like a variation on the original (circa OF17) but I think the same reasoning/derivation still applies, but now of course it appears the 'dynamic' and 'static' components of the pressure are clearly indicated. Recalling that the static contribution is written as p0 + rho (g . z), and hence the sign. I've just scanned the OF23x version of compressibleInterfoam and it seems a lot more is going on in pEqn these days, possibly with a view to stabilizing the explicit terms. If the latter fails then and the average density is varying considerably I think an alternative approach similar to the old dieselFoam might be more appropriate. But that's getting off-topic. Regards, Richard K.
Thank you so much for the timely reply. Regarding the definition of dgdt, it is p in OF17x. But in OF21x, it is changed to p_rgh (which means p - rho * (vector g) dot (vector x) ). According to my understanding, the change is not justified unless something else is done to compensate for the difference. But I cannot find such things in the code of OF21x. I have yet to see what the solver is like since OF22x. But here's my current question: Is the solver in OF21x correct or not?

Regards,

 July 2, 2014, 21:21 #45 Member   Richard Kenny Join Date: Mar 2009 Posts: 59 Rep Power: 9 In p(tot) = pd + p0 + rho (g . z), p0 = 0 and 'vector' g = (0, 0, -g), which accounts for the sign. Rgds, Richard K.

July 2, 2014, 21:42
#46
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Cong Gu
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Quote:
 Originally Posted by richpaj In p(tot) = pd + p0 + rho (g . z), p0 = 0 and 'vector' g = (0, 0, -g), which accounts for the sign. Rgds, Richard K.
My problem is not with the sign. But does DDt(p) = DDt(p_rgh) in general?

 July 2, 2014, 22:49 #47 Member   Richard Kenny Join Date: Mar 2009 Posts: 59 Rep Power: 9 Oh right, sorry for the misinterpretation. But otherwise, DDt(p) != DDt(p_rgh) owing to the spatial cpt of DDt(..), but presumably this latter is assumed to be much smaller than the value of ddt(p). It would be interesting to verify numerically. RGK

 December 11, 2014, 14:30 #48 New Member   james wilson Join Date: Aug 2014 Location: Orlando, Fl Posts: 29 Rep Power: 2 Kenny, Thanks for your guidance on this topic. Your reference to: fvScalarMatrix psiConvectionDiffusion ( fvm::ddt(rho, psi) + fv::gaussConvectionScheme(mesh, phi, UDs).fvmDiv(phi, psi) //- fv::gaussLaplacianScheme(mesh, CDs, snGrads) //.fvmLaplacian(Dpsif, psi) - fvm::Sp(Sp, psi) - Su ); Is found in "IMULESTemplates.C" for a call to Foam::MULES::implicitSolve. We however are using a call to Foam::MULES::explicitSolve found in MULESTemplates.C (as youve specified) where the structure of the fvScalarMatrix is less clear: " template void Foam::MULES::explicitSolve ( const RhoType& rho, volScalarField& psi, const surfaceScalarField& phi, surfaceScalarField& phiPsi, const SpType& Sp, const SuType& Su, const scalar psiMax, const scalar psiMin ) { const fvMesh& mesh = psi.mesh(); const scalar rDeltaT = 1.0/mesh.time().deltaTValue(); psi.correctBoundaryConditions(); limit(rDeltaT, rho, psi, phi, phiPsi, Sp, Su, psiMax, psiMin, 3, false); explicitSolve(rDeltaT, rho, psi, phiPsi, Sp, Su); } " Could you comment on this portion of the code and extend your explanation to cover this specific template the compressibleInterFoam solver uses? Your explanation of the source term implementation using "fvScalarMatrix psiConvectionDiffusion (...)" makes sense but THIS template is not being used. I am assuming MULES::explicitSolve operates the same way as MULES::implicitSolve in terms of how the source terms are passed using the template where the solution of course is different. Using this style of source term distribution in openFoam, I have been able to validate analytic Stefan type problems, so I do not doubt it's validity one bit. I would however, like to gain a deeper understanding of the form of the FV equations such that I can get creative with new source terms. I've modified the compressibleInterFoam solver to output Su, Sp and divU (=alpha1*divU). I have a line plot along the center-line at y and a surface plot of Su and Sp at the instant the line plots are shown in the attached images. I hope this helps with visualization. Looking at the surface plot of Sp, there are portions of the gaseous phase where Sp is non zero. I would assume that this non zero contribution in the alpha equation would lead to un-bounding of alpha in the gasseous phase. If the solver does take the form described by kenny where Sp --> Sp*alpha1 however, this non zero portion would have no contribution since alpha = 0 in this region and therefore would support Kenny's argument. One final note, The images shown here correspond to expanding gas.. when the gas cools due to convection and diffusion of thermal energy, the sign of the source terms change since the gas is now contracting and the interface must move inward, and as a result, the assignment of divU should change as well divU --> Su (expand) vs. divU --> Sp (contract) to promote diagonal dominance. It is not treated intuitively in this manner in the default solver. Food for thought ; ) James Su: Screenshot from 2014-12-12 08:59:22.jpg; Sp: Screenshot from 2014-12-12 09:03:51.jpg Last edited by jameswilson620; December 12, 2014 at 10:17. Reason: adding result data

December 28, 2014, 05:32
#49
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Dongyue Li
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Quote:
 Originally Posted by richpaj ddt( alpha1) + div( alpha1 * U ) = - ( alpha1 / rho1 ) * DDt( rho1 ) ..........(3) Then, introducing a compressibility so that rho1 = rho1_0 + psi1 * p yields ddt( alpha1) + div( alpha1 * U ) = - ( alpha1 * psi1 / rho1) DDt( p ) .......(4)
from my point, DDt( rho1 ) is not the same with (psi1 / rho1) DDt( p ). Maybe its :

DDt( rho1 ) = DDt( rho1_0 ) + (psi1 / rho1) DDt( p )

If Im wrong correct it pls.

 January 5, 2015, 18:51 #50 New Member   james wilson Join Date: Aug 2014 Location: Orlando, Fl Posts: 29 Rep Power: 2 So in case anyone is interested.. a call to MULES::explicitSolve(geometricOneField(), alpha1, phi, tphiAlpha(),Sp,Su, 1, 0); references this template in MULESTemplates.C for OF2.3 Code: template void Foam::MULES::explicitSolve ( const RhoType& rho, volScalarField& psi, // Note the use of the pointer, I believe this is how psi is updated without explicitly defining a "return psi" const surfaceScalarField& phi, surfaceScalarField& phiPsi, const SpType& Sp, const SuType& Su, const scalar psiMax, const scalar psiMin ) { const fvMesh& mesh = psi.mesh(); const scalar rDeltaT = 1.0/mesh.time().deltaTValue(); psi.correctBoundaryConditions(); limit(rDeltaT, rho, psi, phi, phiPsi, Sp, Su, psiMax, psiMin, 3, false); //I haven't looked much into this explicitSolve(rDeltaT, rho, psi, phiPsi, Sp, Su); //CALL TO ANOTHER TEMPLATE WHERE PSI IS SOLVED FOR THE NEXT TIME STEP } which references the next template (above it in MULESTemplates.C): Code: template void Foam::MULES::explicitSolve ( const RdeltaTType& rDeltaT, const RhoType& rho, volScalarField& psi, const surfaceScalarField& phiPsi, const SpType& Sp, const SuType& Su ) { Info<< "MULES: Solving for " << psi.name() << endl; const fvMesh& mesh = psi.mesh(); scalarField& psiIf = psi; // initialize psiIf const scalarField& psi0 = psi.oldTime(); // Store old values of psi for solution psiIf = 0.0; // Set psiIf to zero fvc::surfaceIntegrate(psiIf, phiPsi); // Calculate divergence of phiPsi; update psiIf as result //NOTE: psiIf is utilized for two purposes here. It is used to advance psi in time (what were after) and also as a temporary dummy variable to store the value of the divergence of phiPsi if (mesh.moving()) { psiIf = ( mesh.Vsc0()().field()*rho.oldTime().field() *psi0*rDeltaT/mesh.Vsc()().field() + Su.field() - psiIf )/(rho.field()*rDeltaT - Sp.field()); } else { // VOF EQUATION // (psiIf(unknown) - psi0)/dt + psiIf(known dummy place holder for divergence of phiPsi) = psiIf(unknown)*Sp + Su // OR // ddt(psi) + div(phiPsi) = psi*Sp + Su // Now solve for psiIf, the unknown value of psiIf at t+dt by re arranging the above expression psiIf = ( rho.oldTime().field()*psi0*rDeltaT + Su.field() - psiIf // Divergence )/(rho.field()*rDeltaT - Sp.field()); }//NOTE rho.field() is geometricOneField() (simply = 1) psi.correctBoundaryConditions(); } I hope this is helpful since i've struggled with this for a while. Can anyone comment on limit(rDeltaT, rho, psi, phi, phiPsi, Sp, Su, psiMax, psiMin, 3, false) from the first template? James

 March 30, 2015, 02:36 #51 New Member   Sasa Goran Join Date: Feb 2015 Location: Japan Posts: 22 Rep Power: 2 OK, i've been looking at this transportationProperties file for a couple of days now, and i'm none the wiser. I guess i figured out how to set rho0 (initial density, i guess, and equals 0 for compressible fluids) and pMin (i guess it's the minimum pressure, and should be above 0) but this psi thing bother me to death. It's compresibity, but i've never seen such a formulation, all the data i can get for psi is for the [1/MPa] unit, not the [s^2/m^2] as specified in the file. I would grealty appreciate it if someone could help me out in finding the values for psi (ATM i need water and air) or tell me where a good database is. Also culd you clarify my guesses about rho0 and pMin, or explain what they are indeed. Thank you guys in advance. Edit: OK found out. The 1/MPa formulation comes from \beta = ( d_rho / d_p ) / rho So multiplying beta by rho should give psi Last edited by Supersale; March 31, 2015 at 01:03.

May 2, 2015, 11:39
#52
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Francis Lee
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Quote:
 Originally Posted by sharonyue from my point, DDt( rho1 ) is not the same with (psi1 / rho1) DDt( p ). Maybe its : DDt( rho1 ) = DDt( rho1_0 ) + (psi1 / rho1) DDt( p ) If Im wrong correct it pls.
Dear Dongyue,

I saw three expressions for rho:
rho1 = rho1_0 + psi1 * p
rho1 = rho1_0 + psi1 * (p - p_0)
rho1 = psi1 * p
In all cases, rho1_0 and p_0 are constants, their material derivative should be zero.
From its definition, psi1 is isothermal compressibility, aka, be a constant when temperature fixed.
So, DDt(rho1) = psi1 * DDt(p)

May 2, 2015, 11:42
temperature equation in compressibleInterFoam
#53
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Francis Lee
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Hi guys,

Recently I'm learning the solver compressibleInterFoam in OpenFOAM-2.3.x. From the discussion above, I've already figure out the pressure equation and alpha equation, What bothers me is the temperature equation, which seems to be derived from specific total internal energy equation:

ddt(rho * e) + div(rho * U * e) + ddt(rho * K) + div(rho * U * K) = -div(U * p) + laplacian((Cp/Cv) * (kappa / Cp), e)

where e = Cv * T, e has dimension J/kg, and Cv has dimension J/kg/K.

For a multiphase flow, and in solver's description:
Quote:
 The momentum and other fluid properties are of the "mixture"
usually, the mixture properties are taken as volume average of both phases, such as dynamic viscosity mu. From intuition, the mixture fluid will behave more like the phase which has more volume, so I can understand this.

But for specific total internal energy, the equation is derived based on the conservation of energy in a control volume (cell). I think the total energy in a computation cell should be taken as mass average of both phases.

Let us use Y1, Y2 denote mass fraction and alpha1, alpha2 denote the volume fraction of two phases. And Cv denotes the specific heat capacity at constant volume of the mixture, Cv1 and Cv2 for each phase. In my opinion, Cv = Y1*Cv1 + Y2*Cv2, so let the energy equation be devided by Cv, we get

ddt(rho * T) + div(rho * U * T) - laplacian((Cp/Cv) * (kappa / Cp), T)
+ (ddt(rho * K) + div(rho * U * K) + div(U * p))/Cv = 0

but in the TEqn:

Code:
    fvScalarMatrix TEqn
(
fvm::ddt(rho, T)
+ fvm::div(rhoPhi, T)
- fvm::laplacian(twoPhaseProperties.alphaEff(turbulence->mut()), T)
+ (
fvc::div(fvc::absolute(phi, U), p)
+ fvc::ddt(rho, K) + fvc::div(rhoPhi, K)
)
*(
alpha1/twoPhaseProperties.thermo1().Cv()
+ alpha2/twoPhaseProperties.thermo2().Cv()
)
);
it can be interpreted as 1/Cv = alpha1/Cv1 + alpha2/Cv2, this expression is neither volume averaging nor mass averaging.

Also I think the term twoPhaseProperties.alphaEff(turbulence->mut()) should be twoPhaseProperties.alphaEff(turbulence->alphat()) or turbulence->alphaEff(), note that the last two expression are equivalent. The only difference is that in OpenFOAM alphat = mut / Prt. Can anybody help me with these?

 Tags compressible, compressibleinterfoam, theory

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