# Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Schemes

(Difference between revisions)
 Revision as of 20:25, 14 October 2005 (view source)Michail (Talk | contribs) (→reference shablon)← Older edit Latest revision as of 14:48, 4 November 2005 (view source)Michail (Talk | contribs) (43 intermediate revisions not shown) Line 1: Line 1: - ''When we shall fill this page, I offer to make common identifications, because in different issues was used different notation. + ''When we shall fill this page, we offer to make common identifications and definitions, because in different issues was used different notation. - ''Also we beg everybody to help me with original works. Later I shall write, what is necessary. If anyone have literature connected with convective schemes, please drop me a line.'' + ''Also we beg everybody to help us with original works. Please see section about what we need. If anyone have literature connected with convective schemes, please drop us a line. Of course You are welcome to participate in Wiki'' ''We shall be very glad and grateful to hear any critical suggestion (please drop a few lines at Wiki Forum)'' ''We shall be very glad and grateful to hear any critical suggestion (please drop a few lines at Wiki Forum)'' Line 7: Line 7: ''It is just a skeleton, but we hope that it will be developed into the good thing'' ''It is just a skeleton, but we hope that it will be developed into the good thing'' + == [[Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Common#Basic Discretisation schemes | Basic Discretisation schemes]] == + * [[Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Common#Central Differencing Scheme (CDS) | Central Differencing Scheme (CDS) ]] + * [[Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Common#Upwind Differencing Scheme (UDS) also (First-order upwind - FOU) | Upwind Differencing Scheme (UDS) also  (First-order upwind - FOU) ]] + * [[Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Common#Hybrid Differencing Scheme (HDS also HYBRID) |Hybrid Differencing Scheme (HDS also HYBRID) ]] + * [[Approximation Schemes for convective term - structured grids - Common#Power-Law Scheme (also Exponencial scheme or PLDS )| Power-Law Scheme (also Exponencial scheme or PLDS ) ]] - # [[Linear Schemes - structured grids ]] + == [[Linear Schemes - structured grids ]] == - # [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids ]] + - # [[Fromm based Schemes - structured grids ]] + - # [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids ]] + - --------------------------------------------------------------------- + * [[Linear Schemes - structured grids #SOU - Second Order Upwind (also LUDS or UDS-2) | SOU - Second Order Upwind (also LUDS or UDS-2) ]] + * [[Linear Schemes - structured grids #Skew - Upwind |Skew - Upwind ]] + * [[Linear Schemes - structured grids #QUICK - Quadratic Upwind Interpolation for Convective Kinematics (also UDS-3 or QUDS) |QUICK - Quadratic Upwind Interpolation for Convective Kinematics (also UDS-3 or QUDS) ]] + * [[Linear Schemes - structured grids #LUS - Linear Upwind Scheme| LUS - Linear Upwind Scheme ]] + * [[Linear Schemes - structured grids #Fromm - Fromm's Upwind Scheme |Fromm - Fromm's Upwind Scheme ]] + * [[Linear Schemes - structured grids #CUDS - Cubic Upwind Difference Scheme (also CUS or UDS-4) |CUDS - Cubic Upwind Difference Scheme (also CUS or UDS-4) ]] + * [[Linear Schemes - structured grids #CUI - Cubic Upwind Interpolation |CUI - Cubic Upwind Interpolation ]] - == reference shablon == + == [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids ]] == - {{reference-paper | author=SMITH    | year= 3000  | title= XXX + * [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids #QUICKER - Quadratic Upwind Interpolation Extended and Revised | QUICKER - Quadratic Upwind Interpolation Extended and Revised ]] - | rest= XXX  }} + * [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids #SMART - Sharp and Monotonic Algorithm for Realistic Transport (Also CCCT - Curvature-Compensated Convective Transport ) |SMART - Sharp and Monotonic Algorithm for Realistic Transport (Also CCCT - Curvature-Compensated Convective Transport ) ]] + * [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids #SMARTER - SMART Efficiently Revised |SMARTER - SMART Efficiently Revised ]] + * [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids #WACEB |WACEB ]] + * [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids #VONOS - Variable-Order Non-Oscillatory Scheme |VONOS - Variable-Order Non-Oscillatory Scheme ]] + * [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids #CHARM - Cubic / Parabolic High-Accuracy Resolution Method |CHARM - Cubic / Parabolic High-Accuracy Resolution Method ]] + * [[Non-Linear QUICK based Schemes - structured grids #UMIST - Upstream Monotonic Interpolation for Scalar Transport |UMIST - Upstream Monotonic Interpolation for Scalar Transport ]] - == Chakravarthy-Osher limiter == + == [[ Fromm based Schemes - structured grids ]] == - == Sweby $\Phi$ - limiter == + * [[Fromm based Schemes - structured grids#Fromm scheme| Fromm scheme]] + * [[Fromm based Schemes - structured grids#MUSCL - Monotonic Upwind Scheme for Conservation Laws |MUSCL - Monotonic Upwind Scheme for Conservation Laws ]] + * [[Fromm based Schemes - structured grids#van Leer limiter |van Leer limiter ]] + * [[Fromm based Schemes - structured grids#van Albada | van Albada ]] + * [[Fromm based Schemes - structured grids#OSPRE |OSPRE ]] - == Superbee limiter == + == [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids ]] == - == R-k limiter == + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#SHARP - Simple High Accuracy Resolution Program | SHARP - Simple High Accuracy Resolution Program]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#ULTIMATE - Universal Limiter for Transport Interpolation Modelling of the Advective Transport Equation | ULTIMATE - Universal Limiter for Transport Interpolation Modelling of the Advective Transport Equation]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#ULTIMATE-QUICKEST |ULTIMATE-QUICKEST ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#ULTRA-SHARP : Universal Limiter for Thight Resolution and Accuracy in combination with the Simple High-Accuracy Resolution Program (also ULTRA-QUICK) |ULTRA-SHARP : Universal Limiter for Thight Resolution and Accuracy in combination with the Simple High-Accuracy Resolution Program (also ULTRA-QUICK) ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#UTOPIA - Uniformly Third Order Polynomial Interpolation Algorithm |UTOPIA - Uniformly Third Order Polynomial Interpolation Algorithm ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#NIRVANA - Non-oscilatory Integrally Reconstructed Volume-Avaraged Numerical Advection scheme |NIRVANA - Non-oscilatory Integrally Reconstructed Volume-Avaraged Numerical Advection scheme ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#ENIGMATIC - Extended Numerical Integration for Genuinely Multidimensional Advective Transport Insuring Conservation |ENIGMATIC - Extended Numerical Integration for Genuinely Multidimensional Advective Transport Insuring Conservation ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#MACHO : Multidimensional Advective - Conservative Hybrid Operator |MACHO : Multidimensional Advective - Conservative Hybrid Operator ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#COSMIC : Conservative Operator Splitting for Multidimensions with Internal Constancy |COSMIC : Conservative Operator Splitting for Multidimensions with Internal Constancy ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#QUICKEST - Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics with Estimated Streaming Terms |QUICKEST - Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics with Estimated Streaming Terms ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#AQUATIC - Adjusted Quadratic Upstream Algorithm for Transient Incompressible Convection |AQUATIC - Adjusted Quadratic Upstream Algorithm for Transient Incompressible Convection ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#EXQUISITE - Exponential or Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Solution of the Incompressible Transport Equation |EXQUISITE - Exponential or Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Solution of the Incompressible Transport Equation ]] + * [[Schemes by Leonard - structured grids#EULER-QUICK |EULER-QUICK ]] - == MINMOD - MINimum MODulus == + == [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids ]] == - '''Harten A.''' High resolution schemes using flux limiters for hyperbolic conservation laws. Journal of Computational Physics 1983; 49: 357-393 + ''Here we placed schemes which were not included into the previous sections (or we can't subdivide its into some class)'' - A. Harten - High Resolution Schemes for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #Chakravarthy-Osher limiter |Chakravarthy-Osher limiter ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #Sweby Φ - limiter |Sweby Φ - limiter ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #Superbee limiter |Superbee limiter ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #R-k limiter |R-k limiter ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #MINMOD - MINimum MODulus |MINMOD - MINimum MODulus ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #SOUCUP - Second-Order Upwind Central differnce-first order UPwind |SOUCUP - Second-Order Upwind Central differnce-first order UPwind ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #ISNAS - Interpolation Scheme which is Nonoscillatory for Advected Scalars |ISNAS - Interpolation Scheme which is Nonoscillatory for Advected Scalars ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #COPLA - COmbination of Piecewise Linear Approximation |COPLA - COmbination of Piecewise Linear Approximation ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #HLPA - Hybrid Linear / Parabolic Approximation |HLPA - Hybrid Linear / Parabolic Approximation ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #LODA - Local Oscillation-Damping Algorithm |LODA - Local Oscillation-Damping Algorithm ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #CLAM - Curved-Line Advection Method |CLAM - Curved-Line Advection Method ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #van Leer harmonic |van Leer harmonic ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #BSOU |BSOU ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #MSOU - Monotonic Second Order Upwind Differencing Scheme |MSOU - Monotonic Second Order Upwind Differencing Scheme ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #Koren |Koren ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #H-CUS |H-CUS ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #MLU |MLU ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #LPPA - Linear and Piecewise / Parabolic Approximasion |LPPA - Linear and Piecewise / Parabolic Approximasion ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #GAMMA |GAMMA ]] + * [[Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids #CUBISTA - Convergent and Universally Bounded Interpolation Scheme for the Treatment of Advection |CUBISTA - Convergent and Universally Bounded Interpolation Scheme for the Treatment of Advection ]] - J. Comp. Phys., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 225-232, 1991 - [[Image:NM_convectionschemes_struct_grids_MINMOD_probe_01.jpg]] - == SOUCUP - Second-Order Upwind Central differnce-first order UPwind  == + --------------------------------------------------------------------- - {{reference-paper | author=Zhu J. | year=1992 | title=On the higher-order bounded discretization schemes for finite volume computations of incompressible flows| rest=Computational Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 98. 345-360}} + == reference shablon == - + - {{reference-paper | author=J. Zhu, W.Rodi | year=1991 | title=A low dispersion and bounded convection scheme | rest= Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech.&Engng, Vol. 92, p 225 }} + - + - + - [[Image:NM_convectionschemes_struct_grids_Schemes_SOUCUP_Probe_01.jpg]] + - + - Normalized variables - uniform grids + - + -
+ - :$+ - \hat{\phi_{f}}= + - \begin{cases} + - \frac{3}{2} \hat{\phi_{C}} & 0 \leq \hat{\phi_{C}} \leq \frac{1}{2} \\ + - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \hat{\phi_{C}} & \frac{1}{2} \leq \hat{\phi_{C}} \leq 1 \\ + - \hat{\phi_{C}} & \hat{\phi_{C}} \triangleleft 0 \ , \ \hat{\phi_{C}} \triangleright 1 + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - Normalized variables - non-uniform grids + - + -
+ - :$+ - \hat{\phi_{f}}= + - \begin{cases} + - a_{f}+ b_{f} \hat{\phi_{C}} & 0 \leq \hat{\phi_{C}} \leq x_{Q} \\ + - c_{f}+ d_{f} \hat{\phi_{C}} & x_{Q} \leq \hat{\phi_{C}}\leq 1 \\ + - \hat{\phi_{C}} & \hat{\phi_{C}} \triangleleft 0 \ , \ \hat{\phi_{C}} \triangleright 1 + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - where + - + -
+ - :$+ - \boldsymbol{a_{f}= 0} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - \boldsymbol{b_{f}= y_{Q}/x_{Q} } + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - c_{f}= \left( x_{Q} - y_{Q} \right)/\left( 1 - x_{Q} \right) + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - d_{f} = \left( 1 - y_{Q} \right) / \left( 1 - x_{Q} \right) + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - == ISNAS - Interpolation Scheme which is Nonoscillatory for Advected Scalars == + - + - Third-order flux-limiter scheme + - + - '''M. Zijlema''' , On the construction of a third-order accurate monotone convection scheme with application to turbulent flows in general domains. International Journal for numerical methods in fluids, 22:619-641, 1996. + - + - + - + - + - + - == COPLA - COmbination of Piecewise Linear Approximation == + - + - '''Seok Ki Choi, Ho Yun Nam, Mann Cho''' + - + - Evaluation of a High-Order Bounded Convection Scheme: Three-Dimensional Numerical Experiments + - + - Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 28:23-38, 1995 + - + - == HLPA - Hybrid Linear / Parabolic Approximation == + - + - '''Zhu J'''. Low Diffusive and oscillation-free convection scheme // Communications and Applied Numerical Methods. 1991. 7, N3. 225-232. + - + - '''Zhu J., Rodi W.''' A low dispersion and bounded discretization schemes  for finite volume computations of incompressible flows // Computational Methods for Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 1991. 92. 87-96 + - + - + - ----------------------------------------------------------------- + - + - + - In this scheme, the normalized face value is approximated by a combination of linear and parabolic charachteristics passing through the points, O, Q, and P in the NVD. It satisfies TVD condition and is second-order accurate + - + - Usual variables + - + -
+ - :$+ - f_{w}= + - \begin{cases} + - f_{w} + \left( f_{P} - f_{W} \right) \hat{f_{C}} & 0 \leq \hat{f_{C}} \leq 1 \\ + - f_{W} & \hat{f_{C}} \triangleleft 0 \ , \ \hat{f_{C}} \triangleright 1 + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - Normalized variables - uniform grids + - + -
+ - :$+ - \hat{f_{w}}= + - \begin{cases} + - \hat{f_{C}} \left( 2 - \hat{f_{C}} \right) \hat{f_{C}} & 0 \leq \hat{f_{C}} \leq 1 \\ + - \hat{f_{C}} & \hat{f_{C}} \triangleleft 0 \ , \ \hat{f_{C}} \triangleright 1 + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - Normalized variables - non-uniform grids + - + -
+ - :$+ - \hat{f_{w}}= + - \begin{cases} + - a_{w} + b_{w} \hat{f_{C}} + c_{w} \hat{f_{C}}^{2} & 0 \leq \hat{f_{C}} \leq 1 \\ + - \hat{f_{C}} & \hat{f_{C}} \triangleleft 0 \ , \ \hat{f_{C}} \triangleright 1 + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - where + - + -
+ - :$+ - a_{w} = 0 , + - + - b_{w} = \left(y_{Q}- x^{2}_{Q} \right) / \left(x_{Q}- x^{2}_{Q} \right) , + - + - + - c_{w} = \left(y_{Q}- x_{Q} \right) / \left(x_{Q}- x^{2}_{Q} \right) , + - + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - -------------------------------------------------------- + - Implementation + - + - Using the switch factors: + - + - for $\boldsymbol{U_w \geq 0}$ + - + -
+ - :$+ - \alpha^{+}_{w} = + - \begin{cases} + - 1 & \ if \ | \phi_{P} - 2 \phi_{W} + \phi_{WW}| \triangleleft | \phi_{P} - \phi_{WW} | \\ + - 0 & otherwise + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - for $\boldsymbol{U_w \triangleleft 0}$ + - + -
+ - :$+ - \alpha^{-}_{w} = + - \begin{cases} + - 1 & \ if \ | \phi_{W} - 2 \phi_{P} + \phi_{E}| \triangleleft | \phi_{W} - \phi_{E} | \\ + - 0 & otherwise + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - and taken all the possible flow directions into account, the un-normalized form of equation can be  written as + - + -
+ - :$+ - \phi_{w} = U^{+}_{w} \phi_{W} + U^{-}_{w} \phi_{P} + \Delta \phi_{w} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - where + - + -
+ - :$+ - \Delta \phi_{w} = U^{+}_{w} \alpha^{+}_{w} \left( \phi_{P} - \phi_{W} \right) \frac{\phi_{W} - \phi_{WW}}{\phi_{P} - \phi_{WW}} + U^{-}_{w} \alpha^{-}_{w} \left( \phi_{W} - \phi_{P} \right) \frac{\phi_{P} - \phi_{E}}{\phi_{W} - \phi_{E}} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - U^{+}_{w} = 0.5 \left( 1 + \left| U_{w} \right| / U_{w} \right) \ , \ U^{-}_{w} = 1 - U^{+}_{w} \ \ \left( U_{w}\neq 0 \right) + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - [[Image:NM_convectionschemes_struct_grids_Schemes_HLPA_Probe_01.jpg]] + - + - == CLAM - Curved-Line Advection Method == + - + - '''Van Leer B.''' , Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. II. Monotonicity and conservation combined in a second-order scheme. Journal of Computational Physics 1974; 14:361-370 + - + - + - == van Leer harmonic == + - + - == BSOU == + - + - G. Papadakis, G. Bergeles. + - + - A locally modified second order upwind scheme for convection terms discretization. + - + - Int. J. Numer. Meth. Heat Fluid Flow, 5.49-62, 1995 + - + - == MSOU - Monotonic Second Order Upwind Differencing Scheme == + - + - Sweby + - + - == Koren == + - + - bounded CUS + - + - B. Koren + - + - A robust upwind discretisation method for advection, diffusion and source terms + - + - In: Numerical Mthods for Advection-Diffusion Problems, Ed. C.B.Vreugdenhil& B.Koren, Vieweg, Braunscheweigh, p.117, (1993) + - + - == H-CUS == + - + - bounded CUS + - + - N.P.Waterson H.Deconinck + - + - A unified approach to the design and application of bounded high-order convection schemes + - + - VKI-preprint, 1995-21, (1995) + - + - == MLU == + - + - B. Noll + - + - Evaluation of a bounded high-resolution scheme for combustor flow computations + - + - AIAA J., vol. 30, No. 1, p.64 (1992) + - + - == SHARP - Simple High Accuracy Resolution Program == + - + - '''B.P.Leonard''', Simple high-accuracy resolution rogram for convective modelling of discontinuities, International J. Numerical Methods Fluids 8 (1988) 1291-1381 + - + - == LPPA - Linear and Piecewise / Parabolic Approximasion == + - + - + - Normalized variables - uniform grids + - + -
+ - :$+ - \hat{\phi_{f}}= + - \begin{cases} + - \frac{9}{4}{\phi}_{C} - \frac{3}{2} {\phi}^{2}_{C} & 0 \leq \hat{\phi}_{C} \leq \frac{1}{2} \\ + - \frac{1}{4}+\frac{5}{4}{\phi}_{C}-\frac{1}{2}{\phi}^{2}_{C} & \frac{1}{2} \leq \hat{\phi}_{C} \leq 1 \\ + - \hat{\phi}_{C} & \hat{\phi}_{C} \triangleleft 0 \ , \ \hat{\phi}_{C} \triangleright 1 + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - Normalized variables - non-uniform grids + - + -
+ - :$+ - \hat{\phi_{f}}= + - \begin{cases} + - a_{f}+ b_{f} \hat{\phi}_{C} + c_{f}\hat{\phi}^{2}_{C} & 0 \leq \hat{\phi_{C}} \leq x_{Q} \\ + - d_{f}+ d_{f} \hat{\phi}_{C} + f_{f}\hat{\phi}^{2}_{C} & x_{Q} \leq \hat{\phi_{C}} \leq 1 \\ + - \hat{\phi_{C}} & \hat{\phi_{C}} \triangleleft 0 \ , \ \hat{\phi_{C}} \triangleright 1 + - \end{cases} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - where + - + -
+ - :$+ - \boldsymbol{a_{f}= 0} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - b_{f}= \left( s_{Q}x^{2}_{Q} + 2x_{Q}y_{Q} \right) / x^{2}_{Q} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - c_{f}= \left( s_{Q}x_{Q} - y_{Q} \right)/ x^{2}_{Q} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - d_{f} = \left[ x^{2}_{Q} + s_{Q} \left( x^{2}_{Q} - x_{Q} \right)+ \left( 1 - 2 x_{Q} \right) \right] / \left( 1 - x_{Q} \right)^{2} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - e_{f} = \left[ -2 x_{Q} + s_{Q} \left( 1 - x^{2}_{Q} \right) + 2 x_{Q} y_{Q} \right] / \left( 1 - x_{Q} \right)^{2} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + -
+ - :$+ - f_{f} = \left[ 1 + s_{Q} \left( x_{Q} - 1 \right) - 2 y_{Q} \right] / \left( 1 - x_{Q} \right)^{2} + -$ + - (2)
+ - + - == GAMMA == + - + - == CUBISTA - Convergent and Universally Bounded Interpolation Scheme for the Treatment of Advection == + - + - '''M.A. Alves, P.J.Oliveira, F.T. Pinho''', A convergent and Universally Bounded Interpolation Scheme for the Treatment of Advection // International Lournal For Numerical Methods in Fluids 2003, 41; 47-75 + + {{reference-paper | author=SMITH    | year= 3000  | title= XXX + | rest= XXX  }} ---- ----

## Latest revision as of 14:48, 4 November 2005

When we shall fill this page, we offer to make common identifications and definitions, because in different issues was used different notation.

Also we beg everybody to help us with original works. Please see section about what we need. If anyone have literature connected with convective schemes, please drop us a line. Of course You are welcome to participate in Wiki

We shall be very glad and grateful to hear any critical suggestion (please drop a few lines at Wiki Forum)

It is just a skeleton, but we hope that it will be developed into the good thing

## Other Schemes (unclassified) - structured grids

Here we placed schemes which were not included into the previous sections (or we can't subdivide its into some class)

## reference shablon

SMITH (3000), "XXX", XXX.