# Yap correction

The Yap correction consists of a modifification of the epsilon equation in the form of an extra source term, $S_\epsilon$, added to the right hand side of the epsilon equation. The source term can be written as:

$\rho S_\epsilon = 0.83 \, \rho \, \frac{\epsilon^2}{k} \, \left(\frac{k^{1.5}}{\epsilon \, l_e} - 1 \right) \, \left(\frac{k^{1.5}}{\epsilon \, l_e} \right)^2$

Where

$l_e \equiv c_\mu^{-0.75} \, \kappa \, y_n$

The Yap correction is active in nonequilibrium flows and tends to reduce the departure of the turbulence length scale from its local equilibrium level.

Yap showed strongly improved results with the k-epsilon model in separated flows when using this extra source term. Launder [Launder, B. E. (1993)] also recommends that this term should be used with the epsilon equation.

The Yap source term contains the explicit distance to the nearest wall, $y_n$. In an unstructured 3D solver this distance is usually not available and it can be ambiguous how to compute it in more complex topologies. This makes the Yap correction most suitable for use in a structured code where the normal wall distance is readily available.

## References

Launder, B. E. (1993), "Modelling Convective Heat Transfer in Complex Turbulent Flows", Engineering Turbulence Modeling and Experiments 2, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, Florence, Italy, 31 May - 2 June 1993, Edited by W. Rodi and F. Martelli, Elsevier, 1993, ISBN 0444898026.

Yap, C. J. (1987), Turbulent Heat and Momentum Transfer in Recirculating and Impinging Flows, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Technology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.